Rifampicin 600В mg once daily for 12 weeks.Placental extract injected in the submucosa.

Oral potassium iodide for liquefaction of secretion.Systemic streptomycin (1g/day) against Klebsiella organisms.Estradiol spray for regeneration of seromucinous glands and vascularization of mucosa.Local antibiotics, such as chloromycetine.25% glucose in glycerine can be applied to the nasal mucosa to inhibit the growth of proteolytic organisms which produce foul smell.Nasal irrigation and removal of crusts using alkaline nasal solutions.Treatment of atrophic rhinitis can be either medical or surgical.

A CT scan can be used to confirm the diagnosis and review disease extent. Examination is clinical, via anterior rhinoscopy and fibreoptic, using nasendoscopy.

Arrested development of paranasal sinuses.Дiagnosis is based on clinical history and examination.

Atrophy of mucosa, turbinal bones and seromucinous glands tends to occur, due to obliterative endarteritis and periarteritis causing decreased blood supply, hence the supplying area atrophies.

The ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal mucosa is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.

Unilateral atrophic rhinitis Д®xtreme deviation of nasal septum may be accompanied by atrophic rhinitis on the wider side. Some authors refer to as Atrophic rhinitis secondary to sinus surgery as the empty nose syndrome. The United Kingdom National Health Service has stated that 'Most cases of atrophic rhinitis in the UK occur when the turbinates are damaged or removed during surgery'. Atrophic rhinitis can also result from long-standing purulent sinusitis or radiotherapy of the nose, or as a complication of surgery of the turbinates. Specific infections, such as syphilis, leprosy and rhinoscleroma, may cause destruction of the nasal structures leading to atrophic changes.

Autoimmune factors: viral infection or some other unidentified insult may trigger antigenicity of the nasal mucosa.

Infection: Klebsiella ozaenae, diphtheroids, Proteus vulgaris, E.вЂ‰coli, etc.

Nutritional deficiency: vitamins A or D, or iron.

Racial factors: white people are more susceptible than natives of equatorial Africa.

Endocrine imbalance: the disease tends to start at puberty and mostly involves females.

Hereditary factors: the disease runs in families.

Hearing impairment can occur due to Eustachian tube blockage causing middle ear effusion.Д¬auses can be remembered by the mnemonic HERNIA:

Atrophic rhinitis is also associated with similar atrophic changes in the pharynx or larynx, producing symptoms pertaining to these structures.

The nose may show a saddle-nose deformity.

Septal perforation and dermatitis of nasal vestibule can occur.

Bleeding from the nose, also called epistaxis, may occur when the dried discharge (crusts) are removed.

In the case of the second cause, the sensation of obstruction is subjective.

Patients usually complain of nasal obstruction despite the roomy nasal cavity, which can be caused either by the obstruction produced by the discharge in the nose, or as a result of sensory loss due to atrophy of nerves in the nose, so the patient is unaware of the air flow.

Microorganisms are known to multiply and produce a foul smell from the nose, though the patients may not be aware of this, because the nerve endings (responsible for the perception of smell) have become atrophied.

The nasal cavities become roomy and are filled with foul smelling crusts which are black or dark green and dry, making expiration painful and difficult.

It is reported among patients from lower socioeconomic groups.

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